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"Justification" is the act of God whereby He forgives the sins of
believers and declares them righteous by imputing the obedience and
righteousness of Christ to them through faith. (Luke 18:9-14)
Justification is one of the most important doctrines in the Bible. It
is without question a
doctrine that is rejected and opposed by all religions outside of
Christianity. In his book Know Your Christian Life: A Theological
Introduction, theologian Sinclair Ferguson discusses its importance,
not only for the church but also for the Christian:
Martin Luther, whose grasp of the gospel was better than most, once
said that the doctrine of Justification was the article by which the
Church stands or falls. "This article," he said, "is the head and
cornerstone of the Church, which alone begets, nourishes, builds,
preserves and protects the Church: without it the Church of God cannot
subsist one hour." Luther was right. Although for our understanding of
the general shape and direction of the Christian life we have
suggested the doctrine of regeneration is important, the doctrine of
justification is central. Not only is it the article of the standing
or falling Church, but also of the standing or falling of Christian.
Probably more trouble is caused in the Christian life by an inadequate
or mistaken view of this doctrine than any other. When the child of
God loses his sense of peace with God, finds his concern for others
dried up, or generally finds his sense of the sheer goodness and grace
of God diminished, it is from this fountain that he has ceased to
drink. Conversely, if we can gain a solid grounding here, we have the
foundation for a life of peace and joy.1
Ferguson then explains why this doctrine is difficult for some to
accept:
The practical importance of this cannot be exaggerated. The glory
of the gospel is that God has declared Christians to be rightly
related to him in spite of their sin. But our greatest temptation and
mistake is to try to smuggle character into his work of grace. How
easily we fall into the trap of assuming that we only remain justified
so long as there are grounds in our character for that justification.
But Paul’s teaching is that nothing we do ever contributes to our
justification. So powerful was his emphasis on this that men accused
him of teaching that it did not matter how they lived if God justified
them. If God justifies us as we are, what is the point of holiness?
There is still a sense in which this is a test of whether we offer the
world the grace of God in the Gospel. Does it make me say: "You are
offering grace that is so free it doesn’t make any difference how you
live"? This was precisely the objection the Pharisees had to Jesus’
teaching!2
The biblical doctrine of justification is particularly relevant for
those who may claim that the doctrine involves only a partial
justification, which we must maintain by our good works in order to
receive final, complete justification or acceptance before God. In
essence, these people argue that the biblical doctrine is a legal
fiction because an ultimate self-justification is the only way people
can finally earn God’s favor. The Bible disagrees because Scripture
emphatically teaches that any person who simply and truly believes in
Jesus Christ as his or her personal Savior from sin is, at that
moment, irrevocably and eternally justified. Justification is thus
the final verdict of God whereby He not only forgives and pardons the
sins of the believer but also declares the believer perfectly righteous
by imputing, or crediting, the obedience and righteousness of Christ
Himself to the believer—solely through faith. It is therefore on the
basis of Christ’s life and atonement that God "pronounces believers to
have fulfilled all the requirements of the law which pertain to them."3
Because justification is an eternal verdict pronounced of God, it is
made final the moment a person believes on Christ. This explains why
eternal life is granted at the moment of faith (John 6:47; 1 John 5:13).
As a result, justification is not a lifelong process and must be
distinguished from personal sanctification, which is individual growth
in holy living over the period of a lifetime. Both the Old and New
Testaments teach the Protestant view of legal (forensic) justification.
Consider the following evidence for the Old Testament view of
justification:
Concerning the Old Testament word hitsdiq, usually rendered
"justified," more often than not it is "used in a forensic or legal
sense, as meaning, not ‘to make just or righteous,’ but ‘to declare
judicially that one is in harmony with the law’" "...in the Old
Testament, the concept of righteousness frequently appears in a
forensic or juridical context. A righteous man is one who has been
declared by a judge to be free from guilt."4
In his book Justification, even Catholic theologian Hans Kung
argues for this view when
he says. "According to the original biblical usage of the term,
‘justification’ must be defined as a declaring just by court order."5
Despite the official Catholic teaching of salvation by works, some other
Catholic theologians have agreed with Kung.
The New Testament Scripture agrees with the Old, clearly showing that
justification is: (1) a crediting of righteousness on the basis of a
person’s faith, (2) a completed act of God, and (3) something that
occurs wholly apart from personal merit or good works:
1. "[To] the man who... trusts God who justifies the wicked, his
faith is credited as righteousness.... [How blessed is] the man to
whom God credits righteousness apart from works" (Romans 4:5-6).
2. "Therefore, since we have been justified through faith, we have
peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ" (Romans 5:1).
3. "For we maintain that a man is justified by faith apart from
observing the law" (Romans 5:28).
This explains why the Bible teaches, "There is therefore now no
condemnation for those
who are in Christ Jesus" (Romans 8:1; also read Luke 18:1-14; Acts
18:38-39; 15:10, 11; Galatians 2:26).
The weight of these Scriptures is formidable; it is indeed logically
impossible to deny the biblical teaching of justification by faith
alone. For anyone—the Pope or Billy Graham or an angel from heaven—to
say that the Bible teaches that sinners "are justified by Christ and by
good works"6 is simply wrong and
heretical. As the Apostle Paul emphasized, "I am astonished that you are
so quickly deserting the one who called you by the grace of Christ and
are turning to a different gospel—which is really no gospel at all.
Evidently some people are throwing you into confusion and are trying to
pervert the gospel of Christ. But even if we or an angel from heaven
should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let him be
eternally condemned!" (Galatians 1:6-8).
Scripture clearly rules out all forms of partial justification or
salvation by grace and works. And if Scripture is equally clear that
salvation comes by grace through faith, then salvation must be by faith
alone. Indeed, to make salvation an achievement of "faith plus works" is
to destroy Christ’s gospel, as Galatians 2:21 and Romans 11:6 teach: "I
do not set aside the grace of God, for if righteousness could be gained
through the law, Christ died for nothing!" "And, if by grace, then it is
no longer by works; if it were, grace would no longer be grace," No one
who truly loves God would ever wish in destroy Christ’s gospel,
especially realizing the infinite price paid by Him so that salvation
could be offered as a free gift. Consider the following Scriptures
carefully:
For if those who live by law are heirs, faith has no value
and the promise is worthless.... Therefore, the promise comes
by faith, so that it may be by grace and may be
guaranteed to all Abraham’s offspring—not only to those who are of
the law but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham. He is the
father of us all. (Romans 4:14,16)
Therefore no one will be declared righteous in his sight by
observing the law; rather, through the law we become conscious of sin.
But now a righteousness from God, apart from law, has been made
known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify. This righteousness
from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who
believe…. [They] are justified freely by his grace through the
redemption that came by Christ Jesus. (Romans 3:20-24)
He saved us, not because of righteous things we had
done, but because of his mercy. (Titus 3:5)
Having been justified [God’s legal verdict pronouncing one
pardoned forever] by his grace…. (Titus 3:7)
Since we have now been justified by his blood, how much
more shall we be saved from God’s wrath through him! (Romans 5:9)
Blessed is the man whose sin the Lord will never count
against him. (Romans 4:8)
These verses indisputably teach that justification is an eternal and
final verdict by God, not a lifelong process, and that a person is
justified by faith alone. There is no hint of any additional
requirement or works for salvation that would make justification by
"faith plus works" (see Romans 8:30; 10:3-4; 1 Corinthians 6:11;
Galatians 3:8-13, 21-25).
What Justification Is Not
1. It is not a reward for anything good we have done.
2. It is not something in which we cooperate with God (it is not
sanctification.)
3. It is not infused righteousness that results in good works,
which become the basis of justification (the Mormon and Catholic
concept of justification).
4. It is not accomplished apart from the satisfaction of God’s
justice (it is not unjust).
5. It is not subject to degrees. One cannot be more or less
justified; one can only be fully justified or fully unjustified.
What Justification Is
1. Justification is an undeserved free gift of God’s grace and
mercy (Romans 3:24: Titus 3:7).
2. Justification is entirely accomplished by God, once for all.
(While it is not the process of personal sanctification, knowledge
of it helps produce sanctification.)
One of the leading theologians of our time, Dr. James Packer stated:
This justification, though individually located at the point of
time at which a man believes (Romans 4:3; 5:1), is an eschatological
once-for-all divine act, the final judgment brought into the present.
The justifying sentence, once passed, is irrevocable. "The Wrath"
(Romans 5:9) will not touch the justified. Those accepted now are
secure forever. Inquisition before Christ’s judgment seat (Romans
14:10-12; 2 Corinthians 5:10) may deprive them of certain rewards (1
Corinthians 3:15) but never of their justified status. Christ will not
call into question God’s justifying verdict, only declare, endorse and
implement it.7
In other words, if God the Father justified believers at the
point of faith, would the Son ever repudiate the Father’s legal
declaration?
3. Justification involves an imputed righteousness entirely apart
from works: the righteousness of God Himself has been given to the
believer. It has nothing to do with a person’s own righteousness (Romans
4:5-6,17-25).
It is not just that God overlooks our sin and guilt, but that full
and entire holiness is credited to our account. Dr. Bruce Milne
describes the transaction this way:
Our justification is not simply a matter of God’s overlooking our
guilt; our need can be met only if righteousness, full and entire
holiness of character, is credited to us. This is the amazing gift of
grace. Christ’s law-keeping and perfect righteousness are made ours by
faith in Him (1 Corinthians 1:30: Philippians 3:9). It is not simply
that our abysmal failure in life’s moral examination is overlooked: we
pass with 100 percent, First Class Honours! Well may Athanasius speak
of "the amazing exchange" whereby, as Calvin puts it, "the Son of God
though spotlessly pure took upon Himself the ignominy and shame of our
sin and in return clothes us with His purity.’’8
Righteousness is imputed by faith because the believer is actually
united to Christ. In other words, because the believer is "in Christ,"
the righteousness of Christ is imputed to him. Justification is the
subsequent legal recognition of that fact. We are declared (past tense)
righteous, and we now (present tense) have perfect righteousness
before God, not personally, but legally:
It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become
for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and
redemption (1 Corinthians 1:30).
God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we
might become the righteousness of God (2 Corinthians 5:21).
In his book God’s Words: Studies of Key Bible Themes, J. I.
Packer discusses the meaning of justification, contrasting it with the
Catholic and Mormon view:
To "justify" in the Bible means to "declare righteous": to declare,
that is, of a man on trial, that he is not liable to any penalty, but
is entitled to all the privileges due to those who have kept the
law.... The Church of Rome has always maintained that God’s act of
justifying is primarily, if not wholly, one of making righteous, by
inner spiritual renewal, but there is no biblical or linguistic ground
for this view, though it goes back at least as far as Augustine.
Paul’s synonyms for "justify" are "reckon (impute) righteousness,"
"forgive (more correctly remit) sins," "not reckon sin" (see Romans
4:5-8)—all phrases which express the idea, not of inner
transformation, but of conferring a legal status and canceling a legal
liability. Justification is a judgment passed on man, not a work
wrought within man; God’s gift of a status and a relationship to
himself, not of a new heart. Certainly, God does regenerate those whom
he justifies, but the two things are not the same.9
Thus, as Baker’s Dictionary of Theology points out, every
believer in Christ is now treated by God as being righteous (on the
basis of their imputed righteousness), not as if they are sinners:
"The righteousness of God" [see Philippians 3:9] is bestowed on
them as a free gift (Romans 1:17, 3:21ff.; 5:17, cf. 9:30; 10:3-10):
that is to say, they receive the right to be treated and the promise
that they shall be treated, no longer as sinners, but as righteous, by
the divine Judge. Thus they become "the righteousness of God" in and
through Him who ‘’knew no sin" personally but was representatively
"made sin" (treated as a sinner, and punished) in their stead (1
Corinthians 5:21). This is the thought expressed in classical
Protestant theology by the phrase "the imputation of Christ’s
righteousness," namely, that believers are righteous (Romans 5:19) and
have righteousness (Philippians 3:9) before God for no other reason
than that Christ their Head was righteous before God, and they are one
with Him, sharers of His status and acceptance. God justifies them by
passing on them, for Christ’s sake, the verdict which Christ’s
obedience merited. God declares them to be righteous, because He
reckons them to be righteous; and He reckons righteousness to them,
not because He accounts them to have kept His law personally (which
would be a false judgment), but because He accounts them to be united
to the one who kept it representatively (and that is a true judgment).
For Paul, union with Christ is not fantasy, but fact—the basic fact
indeed in Christianity; and the doctrine of imputed righteousness is
simply Paul’s exposition of the forensic aspect of it (see Romans
5;12ff.).10
4. Justification is accomplished in harmony with God’s justice.
It displays His holiness; it does not deny it. The only way for the
sinner’s justification to be truly just in God’s eyes is for two
requirements to be absolutely satisfied. The first is that every
requirement of the law must be satisfied. The second is that the
infinitely holy character of God must be satisfied. J. I. Packer
comments:
The only way in which justification can be just is for the law to
be satisfied so far as the justified are concerned. But the law makes
a double demand on sinners: it requires both their full obedience to
its precepts, as God’s creatures, and their full endurance of its
penalty, as transgressors. How could they conceivably meet this double
demand? The answer is that it has been met already by the Lord Jesus
Christ, acting in their name. The eternal Son of God was "born under
the law" (Galatians 4:4) in order that he might yield double
submission to the law in his people’s stead. Both aspects of his
submission are indicated in Paul’s words: "he... became obedient—unto
death" (Philippians 2:8). His life of righteousness culminated in his
dying the death of [the] unrighteous according to the will of God: he
bore the penal curse of the law in man’s place (Galatians 3:13) to
make propitiation for man’s sins (Romans 3:25).
And thus, "through one act of righteousness"—the life and death of
the sinless Christ—"there resulted justification of life to all men"
(Romans 5:18 NAS).11
Paul’s thesis is that God justifies sinners on a just ground,
namely, that the claims of God’s law upon them have been fully
satisfied. The law has not been altered, or suspended, or flouted for
their justification, but fulfilled—by Jesus Christ, acting in their
name. By perfectly serving God, Christ perfectly kept the law (cf.
Matthew 3:15). His obedience culminated in death (Philippians 2:8); He
bore the penalty of the law in men’s place (Galatians 3:13), to make
propitiation for their sins (Romans 3:25). On the grounds of Christ’s
obedience, God does not impute sin, but imputes righteousness, to
sinners who believe (Romans 4:2-8; 5:19).12
This is exactly what Scripture teaches: that God is both just and the
justifier of those who place their faith in Jesus:
For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and are
justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by
Christ Jesus. God presented him as a sacrifice of atonement, through
faith in his blood. He did this to demonstrate his justice, because in
his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand
unpunished—he did it to demonstrate his justice at the present time,
so as to be just and the one who justifies those who have faith in
Jesus. (Romans 3:23-26)
Further Scripture Proof for the Doctrine of Justification
Abraham believed the Lord, and he credited it to him
as righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
Blessed is the man whose sin the Lord does not count against him.
(Psalm 32:2)
No weapon that is formed against you shall prosper; and every
tongue that accuses you in judgment you will condemn. This is the
heritage of the servants of the Lord, and their vindication is from
Me, declares the Lord. (Isaiah 54:17 NAS [New American Standard
Bible])
In his days Judah will be saved and Israel will live in safety.
This is the name by which he will be called: the Lord our
righteousness. (Jeremiah 25:6)
Behold, as for the proud one, his soul is not right within him; but
the righteous will live by his faith. (Habakkuk 2:4 NAS)
For what does the Scripture say? "And Abraham believed God, and it
was reckoned to him as righteousness." Now to the one who works, his
wage is not reckoned as a favor but as what is due. But to the one who
does not work, but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly, his
faith is reckoned as righteousness, just as David also speaks of
the blessing upon the man to whom God reckons righteousness apart
from works. (Romans 4:5-6 NAS)
What shall we say then? That Gentiles, who did not pursue
righteousness, attained righteousness, even the righteousness which is
by faith; but Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did not arrive
at that law. Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as
though it were by works. They stumbled over the stumbling stone, just
as it is written, ‘"Behold, I lay in Zion a stone of stumbling and a
rock of offense, and he who believes in Him will not be disappointed."
Brethren, my heart’s desire and my prayer to God for them is for their
salvation. For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but
not in accordance with knowledge. For not knowing about God’s
righteousness, and seeking to establish their own, they did not
subject themselves to the righteousness of God. For Christ is the
end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. (Romans
9:30-10:4 NAS)
And such were some of you; but you were washed, but you were
sanctified, but you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus
Christ, and in the Spirit of our God. (1 Corinthians 6:11 NAS)
And the Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the
Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham,
saying, "All the nations shall be blessed in you." So then those who
are of faith are blessed with Abraham, the believer. (Galatians 5:8-9
NAS)
Is the Law then contrary to the promises of God? May it never be!
For if a law had been given which was able to impart life, then
righteousness would indeed have been based on law.... Therefore the
Law has become our tutor to lead us to Christ, that we may be
justified by faith. (Galatians 3:21,24 NAS)
Important Applications of the Doctrine of Justification
1. Justification demands that we trust in Christ’s righteousness
alone and not our own:
And through Him everyone who believes is freed from all things,
from which you could not be freed through the Law of Moses.
(Acts 13:59 NAS)
More than that, I count all things to be loss in view of the
surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have
suffered the loss of all things, and count them but rubbish
in order that I may gain Christ, and may be found in Him, not
having a righteousness of my own derived from the Law, but that
which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which
comes from God on the basis of faith, that I may know Him, and the
power of His resurrection and the fellowship of His sufferings, being
conformed to His death. (Philippians 3:8-10 NAS)
You have been severed from Christ, you who are seeking to be
justified by law; you have fallen from grace. (Galatians 5:4 NAS)
2. Justification properly orients Christian morality. The motive for
Christian living and service becomes obedience out of love and gratitude
to a Savior whose gift of righteousness made law keeping unnecessary:
So that you may walk in a manner worthy of the Lord, to
please Him in all respects, bearing fruit in every good work and
increasing in the knowledge of God. (Colossians 1:10 NAS)
I urge you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, to present
your bodies a living and holy sacrifice, acceptable to God,
which is your spiritual service of worship. And do not be conformed to
this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you
may prove what the will of God is, that which is good and acceptable
and perfect. (Romans 12:1-2 NAS)
The doctrine of justification encourages morality and discourages sin
when we consider the One who redeemed us and the cost of our redemption
(see Romans 6:10-18):
What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin that grace might
increase? May it never be! How shall we who died to sin still
live in it? (Romans 6:1-2 NAS)
But thanks be to God that though you were slaves of sin, you became
obedient from the heart to that form of teaching to which you
were committed, and having been freed from sin, you became slaves of
righteousness. (Romans 6:17-18 NAS)
So that you may walk in a manner worthy of the God who calls
you into His own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 NAS)
3. Justification means Christians may be assured that they now
possess eternal life. A divine gift is perfect and cannot be taken back.
The gifts and calling of God are without repentance (Romans 11:29).
Perfect righteousness is a gift (James 1:17; Romans 3:24). If we are
declared perfectly righteous by Him, God can only give the gift of
perfect righteousness. What condition, then, can exist in the future so
that we can lose our righteous standing? If righteousness is a gift to
sinners and enemies (if He did the most for us when we hated Him and
were His enemies), will God do less for us now that we are His precious
children (Romans 5:8-9)?
Also, eternal life could only be a present condition on a
"just" basis—if from the point of belief we were "eternally righteous,"
declared eternally righteous. This is why Scripture teaches that the
believer now has eternal life:
Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears My word, and believes Him
who sent Me, has eternal life, and does not come into judgment,
but has passed out of death into life. (John 5:24 NAS)
He who eats My flesh and drinks My blood has eternal life,
and I will raise him up on the last day. (John 6:54 NAS)
The one who believes in the Son of God has the witness in himself;
the one who does not believe God has made Him a liar, because he has
not believed in the witness that God has borne concerning His Son. And
the witness is this, that God has given us eternal life, and
this life is in His Son. He who has the Son has the life; he who does
not have the Son of God does not have the life. (1 John 5:10-13 NAS)
Notes
1 Sinclair Ferguson, Know
Your Christian Life: A Theological Introduction (Downers Grove,
IL: InterVarsity, 1981), p. 71
2 Ibid., p. 75.
3 Millard J. Erickson,
Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989), p. 956, as
cited in Norman L. Geisler and Ralph E. MacKenzie, Roman Catholics
and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences (Grand Rapids: Baker
Book House, 1995), p. 246.
4 Geisler and MacKenzie, p. 247,
citing respectively Anthony A. Hoekema, Saved by Grace (1989),
p. 154 and Millard J. Erickson, Christian Theology (1987), 4th
printing, p. 955.
5 Hans Kung, Justification
(Philadelphia: Westminster, 1964), p. 209. Geisler observes, "For an
extended treatment of the Old Testament understanding of these terms
and the difficulties inherent in translating from the Hebrew into
Greek and Latin, see Alister E. McGrath, Iustitia Dei, Vol. 1,
Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 4-16" (Geisler and MacKenzie, p.
245).
6 Robert C. Broderick, ed.,
The Catholic Encyclopedia, revised and updated (New York: Thomas
Nelson Publishers, 1978), p. 319.
7 James Packer in Everett F.
Harrison et al., eds, Baker Dictionary of Theology (Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker, 1972), p. 305.
8 Bruce Milne, Know the
Truth: A Handbook of Christian Belief (Downers Grove, IL:
InterVarsity, 1982), p. 155.
9 James Packer, God’s Words
(Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988), pp. 141-42.
10 James Packer in Everett F.
Harrison et al., eds, Baker Dictionary of Theology (Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker, 1972), p. 306.
11 James Packer, God’s Words
(Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988), pp. 141-42.
12 James Packer in Everett F.
Harrison et al., eds, Baker Dictionary of Theology (Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker, 1972), p. 306.
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