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In A.D. 835, Pope Gregory IV
designated November 1 as All Saints Day or All Hallow’s Day (the term
"Hallow" refers to saints). The day before this, October 31, was known
as All Hallow’s Evening. The term "Halloween" is a contraction of "Hallow’s
Evening".
Long before the church gave this name to the evening
before All Saints Day (a celebration in remembrance of saints and
martyred saints), it had been celebrated in various ways in many places
around the world. One writer is correct when she observes that it
"probably combines more folk customs the world around than will ever be
sorted out, catalogued and traced to their sources."
1
It is generally agreed that, in church history, Halloween took the
place of a special day celebrated by the ancient Druids, who were the
learned or priestly class of the Celtic religion. 2 The Celts were the
first Aryan people who came from Asia to settle in Europe. In fact, we
can see certain similarities between Druidism and the religion of India:
"Celtic religion, presided over by the Druids (the priestly order)
presents beliefs in various nature deities and certain ceremonies and
practices that are similar to those in Indian religion. The insular
Celts and the people of India also shared certain similarities of
language and culture, thus indicating a common heritage." 3
For example, the Indian gods Siva Pasupati ("lord of the animals")
and Savitr ("god of the sun") are, respectively, similar to the Celtic
gods Cernunnos, a horned god who appears in the yoga position, and the
god Lug or Lugus (perhaps originally a sun god). As in Hinduism, the
Druids also believed in reincarnation, specifically in the
transmigration of the soul, which teaches that people may be reborn as
animals." 4
These Celtic people lived in northern France and the
British Isles. They engaged in occult arts, worshiped nature, and gave
it supernatural, animistic qualities. Certain trees or plants, such as
oak and mistletoe, were given great spiritual significance. (According
to Celtic authority Lewis Spence, the original meaning of the term druid
implies a priest of the oak-cult.) Interestingly, fully ninety percent
of the world’s sometimes mysterious crop circles lie within the
geographical proximity of the ancient and possibly druidic ruins of
Stonehenge. At least some of these phenomena may be considered
supernatural.
The Celts worshiped the Sun God (Belenus) especially
on Beltane, May 1, and they worshiped another god, apparently the
Lord of Death or the Lord of the Dead, on Samhain, October 31.
Beltane ("Fire of Bel") was the time of the Summer festival while
Samhain was the time of the Winter festival. Human sacrifice was offered
at both festivals. According to Julius Caesar
5
in his Commentaries, and other sources, the Celts believed they
were descended from the god Dis, a tradition handed down from the
Druids. Dis was the Roman name for the god of the dead.
Of the 400 names of Celtic gods known, Belenus is
mentioned most often. "Samhain" as the specific name of the Lord of
Death is uncertain, but it is possible that the Lord of Death was the
chief druidic deity. We’ll follow the lead of several other authors and
call him Samhain.
The Celts and their Druid priests began their New Year
on November 1, which marked the beginning of Winter. They apparently
believed that on October 31, the night before their New Year and the
last day of the old year, the Lord of Death gathered the souls of the
evil dead who had been condemned to enter the bodies of animals. He then
decided what animal form they would take for the next year. (The souls
of the good dead were reincarnated as humans.) The Druids also believed
that the punishment of the evil dead could be lightened by sacrifices,
prayers and gifts to the Lord of Death.
Druid worshipers attempted to placate and appease the
Lord of Death because of his power over the souls of the dead, whether
these souls were good or evil. For those who had died during the
proceeding 12 months, Samhain allowed their spirits to return to earth
to their former places of habitation for a few hours to associate once
again with their families. 6
Thus, the Celts believed that on their New Year’s Eve
(our Halloween) ghosts, evil spirits and, some say, witches roamed
about. In order to honor the Sun God (Belenus), and to frighten away
evil spirits who allegedly feared fire, large bonfires were lit on
hilltops.
For several days before New Year’s Eve, young boys
would travel the neighborhood begging material for the great bonfires.
The fires were believed to not only banish evil spirits but to
rejuvenate the sun. Until fairly recent times, the hilltop Halloween
fires of the Scots were called Samhnagan, indicating the
lingering influence of the ancient Celtic festival.
7
On this night, evil or frustrated ghosts were also
supposed to play tricks on humans and to cause supernatural
manifestations. As part of the celebration, people donned grotesque
masks and danced around the great bonfires often pretending they were
being pursued by evil spirits. And while these bonfires were lit to
scare away evil spirits, food was put out to make the ghosts or souls of
the good dead that Samhain had released feel welcome and at home.
Because Samhain marked the beginning of a new year, an
interest in divination and fortune-telling became an important part of
this holiday. For example, the Druids believed that the particular shape
of various fruits and vegetables could divine the future. Victims of
human sacrifice were used for the same purpose. When the Romans
conquered Britain, some of their customs were added to those of the
Druids while others, such as human sacrifice, were banned.
Of course, the Samhain celebration was not unique.
Many festivals worldwide celebrate a time when the dead return to mingle
with the living. The Hindus have their night of Holi. The Iroquois
Indians celebrate a Feast of the Dead every 12 years, when all those who
have died during the 12 years are honored with prayers. A national
holiday in Mexico, the Day of the Dead, begins on November 2 and lasts
several days. In this gruesome festival, death becomes a kind of
neighborly figure, appearing on candy, jewelry, toys, bread, cakes, and
so on. This is the time when the souls of the dead return and when the
living are to honor them: for example, doors are decorated with flowers
to welcome the Angelitos, the souls of dead children.
One study of festivals and special days points out
that Halloween "rivals St. John’s Eve for omens, spells and all sorts of
mystic practices, which, in its case, are connected with the waning
power of the sun and with the great druidical festival of Samhain."
8
For the most part, then, our modern Halloween appears
to initially be traced to the practices of the ancient Druids at their
Winter festival on October 31.
Notes:
1 Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Adams, Every Day’s A Holiday (New
York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 235.
2 Some facts about the Druids are disputed or uncertain; there are
differences plus geographical peculiarities between early and late
Druidism.
3 Q.v., "Celtic Religion," Encyclopedia Britannica,
Macropedia, vol. 3.
4 Ibid., pp. 1069-70.
5 Julius Caesar, Commentaries, Book 6, Chapter 18.
6 Becky Stevens Cordello, Celebrations (Butterick
Publishing, 1977), p. 112.
7 Robert J. Myers, Celebrations: The Complete Book of American
Holidays (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1972), p. 259
8 Ethel L. Urlin, Festivals, Holy Days and Saint’s Days: A Study
in Origins and Survivals in Church Ceremonies and Secular Customs
(London: Simpkins, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1915, republished
Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1979), p. 190.
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